Showing posts with label power. Show all posts
Showing posts with label power. Show all posts

Tuesday, January 6, 2015

Audio Stereo Power Amp Circuit

audio-power-amp-schematic

This is a 50 Watt Audio power amplifier circuit based single IC STK4036II. Use heatsink to prevent overheating on the IC. 

The amplifier circuit will give you good quality of sound unexpensive and have low price. 

It is easy we make a power amplifier using only few external components. 

The STK4036II amplifier are will find in enough eponymous stereo amplifiers , but also in enough activety loudspeakers. 
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Thursday, December 11, 2014

Variable Power Supply Circuit

0-28v
This is the schematic diagram of variable power supply.The output voltage of this power supply circuit can be adjust from 0V to 28V DC, while the current output is static the rang is about 6A up to 8A.
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Wednesday, November 19, 2014

Mosfet Amplifier with power output 400W

See figure below its power amplifier using transistor mosfet as amplifier.
Mosfet
Mosfet Amplifier with power output 400W
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Tuesday, November 18, 2014

Protectors Circuit on SMPS power supply

The simplest example SMPS which still uses 3 transistors (C3807, A1015 and power transistors) classic problem that often occurs is: - Problem in the feedback circuit can cause the output voltage B + over so that it can endanger the aircraft as a whole. For example elco erupted, pcb burnt burnt by over-heated, horizontal transistor short.

- Problem on feedback circuits may cause power regulator transistor is damaged due to over current transistor (eg, due to the 47k resistor transistor circuit on the secondary error detector value is delayed).
- If the input ac voltage drops can cause the power regulator transistor is damaged, due to over current transistor If the secondary there is a power transistor short can cause damage over current regulator.
- Protectors are designed to make the SMPS SMPS "reliable will not be damaged" if there are things that go wrong as mentioned above. 

SMPS Circuit

SMPS circuit using IC systems generally are designed with a surge protector, which include:
  • Over voltage protector (OVP)
  • Over current protector (OCP)
  • Over load protector
  • Short circuit protector
  • Over temperature protector
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Tips for Choosing a quality Power Amplifier

Here are some tips you need to note:
1. Pick of the power that suits your needs. For personal use such as exercise, etc., is sufficient to choose an amplifier with a power of 15-20 watts. In most small power amplifiers are already available facilities such as Head Phone jack (eg Guitar Amplifier Laser 20) which is very useful especially for young people who have a habit of playing music until midnight. By leveraging these channels to Head Phone, then secured another household or neighbors will not be disturbed our music sound. Sound good hasilnya.Apabila amplifier system we will use to train together in a full band with drums, etc., then you should choose a larger power amplifier that is 70 watts or above. Thus the sound produced from the amplifier and sound system will not be drowned by the sound of pounding and pounding beat Drum.Untuk use on stage, you will need a higher power that is at least 125 watts or more, because this amplifier will be able to once we use as a monitor of musical instruments were playing.

2. Choose the facilities we need. Do not buy amplifiers which have facilities that we do not really need when it is increasing the price we pay. Unless the same price we can get better facilities, there is no harm in our selection.

3. Choose a good quality amplifier. If we need an amplifier to your keyboard, then it is advisable to select an amplifier that does not change the color of the original sound generated by the keyboard musical instrument they will be (flat). There are many amplifiers that produce different sounds from the original sound, if this happens there will be other voices that would reduce the original character of the actual sound produced by the keyboard because of the addition or subtraction of a particular frequency. Usually this happens at a very low frequency (low bass) or very high frequency (high treble). (Try the sound system rental, sound rental service) For amplifiers Electric Guitar and Electric Bass this (flat characteristic) does not apply because it specifically for these two types of instruments are required specificity of character frequency. Basically for Electric Guitar amplifier output is not needed for low frequency and high. For Electric Bass needed a low frequency, but not required a high frequency. We can learn from the rental place and the sound system rental-quality musical instrument.

4. Model and performance amplifier can be considered final. The desired model will depend on individual taste. A good model according to a person, not necessarily a good thing according to those who lainnya.Pada most professional musicians model will be the last option or not too overlooked. They will be more concerned with the quality and facilities of the amplifier. Maybe we can find also in the rental services professional sound and musical instrument rental place bagus.Demikian brief tips on choosing an amplifier, hopefully this can help to determine the right choice before you buy an amplifier and produce sound quality music is also of course .

Tips for Choosing Quality Amplifier

1. Pick of the power to suit your sound system. For personal use such as exercise is sufficient to choose an amplifier with 1-20watt power. In most electronic devices / small power amplifiers are already available facilities such as head phone jack (eg laser20 guitar amplifier) ​​is very useful especially for young people who have a habit of playing music until midnight. By leveraging the channel for these headphones, then secured another household or neighbors will not be disturbed "attraction" we. If the amplifier sound system we will use to train together in a group full band * with drum and band instrument, then you should choose a power amplifier 70watt or above. Thus the sound produced from the amplifier will not be drowned by the sound of pounding and pounding drum beats. For use on stage, you will require more resources than most, namely at least 125watt or more, because this amplifier will be at the same we use as a monitor of musical instruments were playing.

2. Select the facilities we need. Do not buy a multimedia system / amplifier that has the facilities that we do not really need, if it is increasing the price we pay. Unless the same price we can get better facilities, there is no harm in our selection.

3. Choose a good quality amplifier. If we need an amplifier to your keyboard, then it is advisable to select an amplifier that does not change the original color generated by the keyboard (flat). There are many Indonesian musical instrument amplifier that produces a different sound from the original sound, if this happens there will be other voices that would reduce the original character of the actual sound produced by the keyboard because of the addition or subtraction of a certain frequency speaker system. Usually this happens at a very low frequency. (Low bass) or very high frequency (high treble). To Lighting System, Electric Amplifier Electric Bass Guitar and this (flat characteristic) does not apply because it specifically for these two types of instruments required specificity of character frequency. Basically for Electric Guitar not dipelukan amplifier output for low frequencies and high. For Electric Bass needed a low frequency, but not required a high frequency.

4. Models and appearance can be thought being given to the last amplifier. The desired model will depend on individual taste. A good model according to a person not necessarily a good thing by other people.
In most professional musicians, models will be the last option or not too overlooked. They will be more concerned with the quality and features of the amplifiers for musical instruments. But if you are confused, you could just rent equipment or hire sound system rental equipment.
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Monday, November 17, 2014

Rangkaian Power Supply for tube amplifier

Power supply for EL-34 tube is specially designed for the purposes of power supply at the push-pull amplifier with EL-34 tube as in article 35 Watt Tube Power Amplifier Push Pull before.
Power supply for EL-34 tube amplifier is made with transformers CT and 2 pieces diode as rectifier. Mechanical filters are applied in the power supply uses 3 levels. Power supply for tube power amplifier can deliver output voltages +220 VDC. Circuit details can be seen in the following figure.


The above power supply circuit has a high output voltage so that need to be considered in the manufacture and perakitanya because electricity can tesengat (stun). Power Supply For Tube Power Amplifier With Diode EL-34 was created specifically for the power amplifier tube push pull EL-34.
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Audio Power Amplifier 170W with LM4651 LM4652

AudioAudio Power Amplifier 170W with LM4651 & LM4652

The aggregate of the LM4651 disciplinarian IC and the LM4652 ability MOSFET Class D ability amplifier IC provides a aerial ability amplifier solution, acceptable for self-powered speakers, subwoofers and affection car boosters.

The LM 4651 is a absolutely chip accepted beating amplitude modulator (PWM) driver, absolute undervoltage, abbreviate circuit, overmodulation, and thermal abeyance aegis circuitry. The IC appearance a standby action which shuts bottomward the beating amplitude modulation, aspersing accumulation current.

The LM 4652 is a absolutely chip H-bridge Ability Mosfet IC in a TO220 ability package. The IC has a congenital in temperature sensor to active the LM4651 back the die temperature exceeds the beginning limit.

Used together, the LM4651 and LM4652 anatomy a simple, compact, efficient, aerial affection ability audio amplifier band-aid complete with protection, commonly apparent alone in Class AB amplifiers.

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Tips and Tricks on Audio Power Amplifier Circuit

Amplilfier power series from the beginning until now did not experience any changes. Some say this series is good, but the series was good fitting assembly and tested the results are not as we expected.
The problem is usually treble is less subtle, less sound, sound breaking, buzz, middle of the field tested the bass sound is lost. so you do not have to believe what people 100%. The quality amplifier built-up would differ greatly with the amplifier assembly, a series can be the same but the quality will depend on who manufacture it.

Here are a few tricks to try

How to cope with a buzzing sound
Power amplifiers are often used in the field blazer. This circuit is said said person is a bell assembly. But you do not immediately interested in this power, the circuit rather complicated and difficult to understand reflect the intelligence of people who first mendisainnya. In my opinion a great power is the power of simple, inexpensive, easily assembled and rational. You do not need to use expensive components such as the price of tantalum capacitors, power mosfet and the other expensive. This does not determine the quality of the power amp so that we raft. Power of sometimes causing buzzing, to overcome that is by holding the line input jack ground to the ground with 10-22 ohm resistors. So do not just take the ground input from the ground but held first with the R 10 ohms.


How to setting bias trimpot
Rotate the trimpot bias (if any) until the drain current of 50-100mA on each power transistor, in order to avoid defects treble in volume in the top position at 10. The risks are so panassss heatsink! (This setting marks on plate A-AB)

Offset trimpot setting
At the time of input without a signal, turn the trimpot so that the voltage on the speaker offsets actually read 0 volts. If you do not want to bother, use and entrust it with ic type series from Hitachi HA17741 IC brand quality or other! This is the heart of the series, 90-95% of quality is determined from the IC circuit this!

Overcoming the voice
Use pre-amp circuit to increase the signal of at least 2 times. normally and should pre-amp circuit uses IC op-amps with +12 V minimum supply-12V. Raise his mid tone!
If hard you do not want to just use the tone control circuit IC is his mid!
The secret is not in his mid tone alone, but the signal output from the IC op-amps are usually large.

Treble rupture
Excessive treble will damage the power amp, power rather than out even ngedrop. Handle, attach the filter capacitor on the input 1NF power amp to ground to ensure the signal is not disabled. Always use a quality active components such as ICs and transistors, 500 price difference will also be different results.
Use a large cable and short as possible, especially for leg power transistor, and this transistor should be directly soldered to the pcb.

Missing bass in field
Usually power for field use supplay CT 50V 50V transformer, or at least 42V 42V ct. The greater the greater the supply voltage watt channeled though the series is written only 300-400 Watts only. This course uses Elko capacitors with voltage 80-100V. 10.000uF/100V capacitor will be equal to 4X10.000uF/50V and of course voltage capacitor is filled with full / almost full.
Try to use a strong Elko at temperatures of 105 C. Capacitors are strong in supply of more than nominal voltage is written on his body. For example 4700uF/50V 85C capacitor will quickly explode in voltage 51V 85C. And Elko will be strong 105C 4700uF/50V voltage supplied more than 50V at a temperature of 85C. Elco so that it does not quickly explode if given the full voltage, keep its temperature as cold as possible, fan with the cool air.

For speaker
Try using a driver speakers that have a large spool diameter fitted with a suitable size bok. Usually included examples of the parameters / dimensions bok. Size bok bok2 usually larger than that sold in the market. if you force using bok that from this market, use driver type G12-80 (sorry no fear brand called promotion) speakers with bass tones to wall size small. Bok wall should be thick, strong and do not forget glued! Bok who will not be glued with a different sound, especially bass tones, prove it!

Heat Sensor
The form of transistor, the transistor is usually type BD139 MJE340 or it could be located in the center, flanked by a pair of transistors having a certain equal. These transistors must be mounted on the main heatsink to detect the heat generated by power transistors. It acts to lower bias currents at the hot heatsink. So what heatsink and power transistors must be set diposisi hot? Yes objectives nothing to prevent the signal from the defect (in class A or AB), with consequent heat. This class is not necessary and will not be felt if you only want the bass tones only. Goal setting on. AB grade is still crystal clear sound even though the maximum volume positioned rotated (in the middle of the field).
It is unlikely, but its closer.

Large heatsink
Not only electrolytic capacitors are more explosive at high temperatures, power transistors can also break away under stress break the original. For example 2SC5200 transistors have the break voltage of 230Vdc, but if temperaturya high voltage values ​​will break his fall well below this value, resulting in faster transistor is damaged. Use of heatsink and cooling fan is very important not only to reduce the heat, more than it can prevent the transistor from break / damaged and weakened output. Increasingly hot temperatures will be more or less ability. Use of this cooling is expected for the components remain fresh, fit and durability.


Choice Component
Power Transistor
There are so many types and models of these transistors, for example MJ15003 MJ15024-4 and-5 from Motorola, but unfortunately these components are not manufactured by Motorola again but from ON semiconductor. Transistor model jengkol usually stronger in the high temperature, probably due to more airtight. 2SC5200 from Toshiba, this transistor is equal dalamannya Sanken 2SC2922 Korea, and both will break if the temperature is too hot. 2SC2922 Sanken issued tin granules when heated, this weakness, the Japanese technology is better than Korean technology. 2SC3281, this transistor is the most popular and frequently used in professional amplifier, but Toshiba does not produce much, if still there in the market, then it most likely is fake!

Transfomer
There are two models of the transformer which is often used, namely EI model (box / conventional) and the model toroid (ring / donut). Some say the toroid transformer model is better because it has a smaller flux leak, in fact the same. Circuits that are sensitive to this flux is high berpenguatan circuits like pre-amp head and mic pre-amp. The circuit is usually installed horizontally / flat parallel to the structure of a conventional transformer wire so that a series of emails received reverberation is greater. Unlike the model toroid transformer is arranged in a vertical wire their email so that the wires are perpendicular to circuit kits The effect is the flux of the pre-amp kit receive a smaller head. To solve for this flux does not enter the series is by downloading shelding / fortified with non-magnetic plate such as aluminum plate and copper plate / sheet pcb board. Plate is of course connected to ground via a cable. To match the flux in a vertical transmission, the conventional transformer needs to be installed side (the side be side down) so that the arrangement of transformer wire stand upright, this method is often used in built-up POWER2. Voltage 50V 50V CT can be obtained by combining the two transformer 25VCT25V, CT is not used, the foot 25V 50V so that the legs be made only to CT, bringing the total number is 100V or 50VCT50V. It deserves used for pwr amp powerless over 400Watt.

Resistor 5 Watt
Resistor on the power transistor legs are usually valued at 0.5 ohm 5 Watt white square. If we dismantle dalamannya it appears there was a circular aluminum wire. It resembles the inductor, the inductive reactance inductor will be higher when fed a high-frequency fractions so that treble tone will be weakened and deformed. Power required to remove the high notes (treble) of course greater, there is a problem here. The use of R 0.5/5W on its home-based power amplifier ok-ok only. But often do not realize the cause of damage to the speakers and power amplifiers is the high treble tones. Treble is not out but was hit by a pwr amp so arising is hot and damaged. We recommend using common Watt resistor 2 12:47 - 1 ohm parallel 2 so that counted 4 Watt. Or if you use 0:22 ohm 2 Watt Resitor unnecessary because the voltage clamp diparalel quite half (one R 0.5/5W replaced one R 0.22/2W) its ok.

Fuse
Nature damage to semiconductor materials / transistor power amplifier is short, if you use a supply that is high enough then the destruction of these transistors will invite their partners to be damaged as well. In order for the destruction of this transitor congregation not need the installation of fuses. 1.5A per power transistor is considered sufficient. 
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Thursday, November 6, 2014

Dual 20 Watt Audio Power Amplifier

Overture Audio Power Amplifier Series Dual 20-Watt Audio Power Amplifier with Mute and Standby Modes
 
The LM1876 is a stereo audio amplifier capable of delivering typically 20W per channel of continuous average output power into a 4 or 8 load with less than 0.1% THD+N. Each amplifier has an independent smooth transition fade-in/out mute and a power conserving standby mode which can be controlled by external logic.

The performance of the LM1876, utilizing its Self Peak Instantaneous Temperature (°Ke) (SPiKe™) protection circuitry, places it in a class above discrete and hybrid amplifiers by providing an inherently, dynamically protected Safe Operating Area (SOA). SPiKe protection means that these parts are safeguarded at the output against overvoltage, undervoltage, overloads, including thermal runaway and instantaneous temperature peaks.

Dual 20-Watt Audio Power Amplifier Circuit Diagram

Dual

Key Specification
THD+N at 1kHz at 2 x 15W continuous average
output power into 4 or 8: 0.1% (max)
THD+N at 1kHz at continuous average
output power of 2 x 20W into 8: 0.009% (typ)
Standby current: 4.2mA (typ)

Applications :


  • High-end stereo TVs
  • Component stereo
  • Compact stereo
    Features :

  • SPiKe protection
  • Minimal amount of external components necessary
  • Quiet fade-in/out mute mode
  • Standby-mode
  • Isolated 15-lead TO-220 package
  • Non-Isolated 15-lead TO-220 package
  • Wide supply range 20V - 64V 


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    Sunday, November 2, 2014

    20W CLASS A POWER AMPLIFIER ELECTRONIC DIAGRAM



    20W CLASS-A POWER AMPLIFIER ELECTRONIC DIAGRAM

    The 0.25 Ohm resistor should cause little grief (4 x 1 Ohm 1W resistors in parallel), but some experimentation may be needed here, since the base-emitter voltage of the BC549 determines the current. This circuit works by using the BC549 to steal any excess base current from the compound pair. As soon as the voltage across the 0.25 Ohm resistor exceeds 0.65V, the transistor turns on and achieves balance virtually instantly.

    The 1k trimpot in the collector of the first LTP transistor allows the DC offset to be adjusted. The nominal value is around 400 ohms, but making it variable allows you to set the output DC offset to within a few mV of zero.
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    Friday, October 31, 2014

    Dual Power Supply Circuit diagram

    To build (or else design) solitary. here are a a small number of things one must come about sensitive with, such in the role of the routing of prohibitive current leads, but these are without difficulty accomplished. The earliest gadget to point out is a apt transformer. I hint toroidal transformers preferably than the traditional "EI" laminated types for the reason that they branch out a reduced amount of magnetic flux and are compliment, allowing them to subsist installed in vogue slimmer hand baggage.

    They resolve give various problems, such for instance elevated inrush current on switch on, which channel to facilitate lengthy blow fuses essential be used. representing the 60W amplifier, a nominal (filled load) supply of +/- 35V is vital, so a 25-0-25 secondary is ideal - however, escort Updates, lower. The circuit for the supply is given away below, and uses separate rectifiers, capacitors and fuses pro every one channel. merely the transformer is shared, so channel interactions are minimised. A single ±35V supply (i.e. using just a single association and put of filter capacitors) yearn for job immediately because well voguish the majority of luggage.
    Dual Power Supply Circuit

    The 5A slow down-blow fuse given away is as it should be instead of a 300VA transformer, if a 120VA transformer is used, this be supposed to live compact to 2.5A (before 3A if 2.5A proves too awkward to search out). If you are even a minor fragment concerned roughly the fuse rating, phone the transformer manufacturer in support of the recommended charge for the transformer you force utilize. The correct fuse is life-threatening to ensure safety from electrical failure, which might conclusion participating in the equipment apt unsafe before causing a fire.

    The capacitance used is not critical, but is somewhat dependent in the lead lones financial plan. I advocate 10,000uF capacitors, but they are fairly expensive so by the side of a pinch 4,700uF caps ought to be there fine - especially in the array revealed. what time unloaded (or else with individual light load), the voltage desire normally be somewhat privileged than 35 Volts. This is Ok, and ought to not cause distress to one amp. The voltage will fall in the same way as added current is drawn, and may well release less than 35V if a minute transformer (otherwise individual with unusually poor instruction) is used.

    Two parts of this circuit are derogatory:
    Mains wiring ought to exist cabled using official 240V rated insulated cable, and all terminations must be insulated to prevent unintended associate. The mains earth obligation be securely fixed firmly to the framework, afterward scraping away several paint or else other coating which might prevent dependable contact.
    The centre-tap of the transformer and the ground points of apiece capacitor have to subsist connected to the major warning sign earth aspect via bodyguard duty copper wire, otherwise (rather) a copper motor vehicle-block. big currents emerge hip this part of the circuit, containing nasty current waveforms which are quite glad to invade your amplifier. The supply voltages duty live taken from the capacitors (not the join rectifiers) to prevent unwelcome hum and clatter.
    after wiring the bridge rectifiers to the transformer, hook up exactly in the role of exposed to ensure with the purpose of move voltages (and currents) are dressed in time in favor of every one amp. If not, baffling hum signals may perhaps be present injected into the amps suggest path from bypass capacitors and the like. This is somewhat improbable but for giant caps are used on the amp board(s) - not recommended, by the way - but why take the expose?

    association rectifiers must transpire the gigantic bolt-down 35A types (before something related) to ensure lowest feasible losses (these self-control not require an bonus heatsink - the carcass will normally be quite sufficient). The transformer primary voltage will apparently be real unwavering by the supply voltage during your area (i.e. 120, 220 or else 240) and be suited to the regional supply frequency. hint to facilitate all 50Hz transformers desire toil a moment ago fine by 60Hz, but more or less 60Hz diplomacy will overheat if used by the side of 50Hz.

    The transformer ought to befall rated by a most minuscule of 120VA (Volt-Amps) on behalf of home-grown operation, but a 300VA transformer is recommended due to its exceptional government. available afar 300VA desire perform thumbs down informative determination, other than to dim the light such as it is crooked on. someplace it is potential, the pointer and power ground be supposed to be alive the same (this prevents the chance of an thrilling shock hazard be supposed to the transformer develop a succinct circuit amid primary and secondary. someplace this wish allocate ascend to ground loops and hum dressed in other equipment, use the method exposed.

    The resistor R1 (a 5W wirewound resistor is suggested) isolates the low-voltage penetrating-current ground ball circuit, and the diodes D1 & D2 provide a shielding circuit in the event of a foremost difficulty. These diodes need just be situated low voltage, but a current rating of 5A or else greater is compulsory. The 100nF capacitor (C1) acts seeing that a abruptly circuit to telephone lines frequency signals, effectively foundation them. This ought to be a device with very fine high frequency response, and a monolithic clay is recommended.
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    Thursday, October 30, 2014

    Simple Power Amplifier Circuit 2N3055

    Simple Power Amplifier Circuit Diagram

    Transistors:
    Tr1 BCY70 (or BC 182L or BC212L or BC214L)
    Tr2/3/4 BFY50/51
    Tr5 BFX88
    Tr6/7 2N3055

    Risk of instability if no input connected. When testing, connect R (about 3k3). The Simple Power Amplifier Circuit needs well smoothed power supply of about 20 to 30 volts. Peak power is well over 10 Watts.
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    Wednesday, October 29, 2014

    170W Audio Power Amplifier Class D

    With LM4651 & LM4652
    The combination of the LM4651 driver IC and the LM4652 power MOSFET Class D power amplifier IC provides a high efficiency amplifier solution, suitable for self-powered speakers, subwoofers and quality car boosters.
    The LM 4651 is a fully integrated conventional pulse width modulator (PWM) driver, containing undervoltage, short circuit, overmodulation, and thermal shutdown protection circuitry. The IC features a standby function which shuts down the pulse width modulation, minimizing supply current.
    The LM 4652 is a fully integrated H-bridge Power Mosfet IC in a TO220 power package. The IC has a built in temperature sensor to alert the LM4651 when the die temperature exceeds the threshold limit.
    Used together, the LM4651 and LM4652 form a simple, compact, efficient, high quality power audio amplifier solution complete with protection, normally seen only in Class AB amplifiers.
    170 The maximum efficiency of this circuit is 85% at 125W with a standby attenuation greater than 100dB. The THD at 10W, 4 ohms, 10 - 500Hz is max. 0.3%. The supply voltage can not exceed ± 22V.
    LM5651LM5652 For the best performance a suitable preamplifier is required. With the addition of a preamplifier the gain of the power stage can be greatly reduced to improve performance. The gain should be set to 10 V/V allowing for low gain on the Class D stage with a total system gain high enough to be a complete solution for line level sources.
    The input filter used here does not noticeably increase THD performance but will help to maintain a flat frequency response as the Q of the output filter changes with load impedance.
    Preamplifier Design notes, full specs and recommended PCB reference designs can be found here.
    Do not attempt to build this amplifier as your first project! Class D high power amplifiers are expensive, difficult to build and a very small error during assembly can lead to total devastation of the power IC or other costly components.
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    Sunday, October 26, 2014

    How To Reduce Relay Power Consumption circuit diagram and explanation

    Relays are often used as electrically controlled switches. Unlike transistors, their switch contacts are electrically isolated from the control input. On the other hand, the power dissipation in a relay coil may be unattractive for battery-operated applications. Adding an analogue switch lowers the dissipation, allowing the relay to operate at a lower voltage. The circuit diagram shows the principle. Power consumed by the relay coil equals V2/RCOIL. The circuit lowers this dissipation (after actuation) by applying less than the normal operating voltage of 5 V. Note that the voltage required to turn a relay on (pickup voltage)is usually greater than that to keep it on (dropout voltage).


    In this respect the relay shown has specifications of 3.5 and 1.5 V respectively, yet the circuit allows it to operate from an intermediate supply voltage of 2.5 V. Table 1 compares the relay’s power dissipation with fixed operating voltages across it, and with the circuit shown here in place. The power savings are significant. When SW1 is closed, current flows through the relay coil, and C1 and C2 begin to charge. The relay remains inactive because the supply voltage is less than its pickup voltage. The RC time constants are such that C1 charges almost completely before the voltage across C2 reaches the logic threshold of the analogue switch inside the MAX4624 IC.


    When C2 reaches that threshold, the on-chip switch connects C1 in series with the 2.5 V supply and the relay coil. This action causes the relay to be turned on because its coil voltage is then raised to 5 V, i.e., twice the supply voltage. As C1 discharges through the coil, the coil voltage drops back to 2.5 V minus the drop across D1. However, the relay remains on because the resultant voltage is still above the dropout level (1.5 V). Component values for this circuit depend on the relay characteristics and the supply voltage. The value of R1, which protects the analogue switch from the initial current surge through C1, should be sufficiently small to allow C1 to charge rapidly, but large enough to prevent the surge current from exceeding the specified peak current for the analogue switch.

    The switch’s peak current (U1) is 400 mA, and the peak surge current is IPEAK = (VIN – VD1) / R1 + RON) where RON is the on-resistance of the analogue switch (typically 1.2 Ω). The value of C1 will depend on the relay characteristics and on the difference between VIN and the pickup voltage. Relays that need more turn-on time requires larger values for C1. The values for R2 and C2 are selected to allow C1 to charge almost completely before C2’s voltage reaches the logic threshold of the analogue switch. In this case, the time constant R2C2 is about seven times C1(R1 + RON). Larger time constants increase the delay between switch closure and relay activation. The switches in the MAX4624 are described as ‘guaranteed break before make’. The opposite function, ‘make-before break’ is available from the MAX4625. The full datasheets of these interesting ICs may be found at http://pdfserv.maxim-ic.com/arpdf/MAX4624-MAX4625.pdf
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    Saturday, October 25, 2014

    LED Power Meter

    LED power Meter circuit is a simple RF detector using diodes to charge a capacitor. The voltage developed across the capacitor is indicated by a multimeter set to a low voltage range. The circuit is soldered together without the need for a PC board, as can be seen in the diagram below and paper clips are used for the positive and negative terminals of the multimeter.

    The level power output of an FM transmitter is indicated by the illumination of a LED and the voltage reading on the multimeter gives a further indication of the output.

    A digital multimeter may be used but the presence of RF may produce a false reading. Likewise, the radiated energy may upset some analogue meters and you may get full scale deflection on the 15v range as well as the 250v range! But the LED wont lie. It will accurately indicate the RF and you can see the change in brightness as you adjust the coils in the output stage. Some of the cheapest and simplest multimeters will give the best results as they have a low sensitivity and the radiated RF energy will not induce a reading. Even a damaged multimeter can be used, provided the 10v or 15v DC scale is operating.

    The reading is not calibrated and does not represent milliwatts output. It is only a visual indication. 
    We have designed over 10 FM transmitters for inclusion in the pages of this e-magazine and each one has different features and characteristics. Some are designed for 3v operation, some are for 9v operation, some are stable for hand-held situations and others are designed for high output. The illumination of the LED will range from barely visible to very bright. 

    LED Power Meter Parts 
    1 - 470R
    1 - 100p ceramic
    1 - 100n ceramic
    2 - 1N 4148 diodes
    1 - 5mm Red LED
    1 - 2in (5cm) hook-up wire
    2 - paper clips
    No PC board required
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    Friday, October 24, 2014

    6 to 12 Volt Power Supply Inverter

    This inverter circuit can provide up to 800mA of 12V power from a 6V supply. For example, you could run 12V car accessories in a 6V (British?) car. The circuit is simple, about 75% efficient and quite useful. By changing just a few components, you can also modify it for different voltages.


    6


    Part List:
    R1, R4 2.2K 1/4W Resistor
    R2, R3 4.7K 1/4W Resistor
    R5 1K 1/4W Resistor
    R6 1.5K 1/4W Resistor
    R7 33K 1/4W Resistor
    R8 10K 1/4W Resistor
    C1,C2 0.1uF Ceramic Disc Capacitor
    C3 470uF 25V Electrolytic Capcitor
    D1 1N914 Diode
    D2 1N4004 Diode
    D3 12V 400mW Zener Diode
    Q1, Q2, Q4 BC547 NPN Transistor
    Q3 BD679 NPN Transistor
    L1 See Notes
    MISC Heatsink For Q3, Binding Posts (For Input/Output), Wire, Board
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    Wednesday, October 22, 2014

    Tips for Choosing a quality Power Amplifier

    Here are some tips you need to note:
    1. Pick of the power that suits your needs. For personal use such as exercise, etc., is sufficient to choose an amplifier with a power of 15-20 watts. In most small power amplifiers are already available facilities such as Head Phone jack (eg Guitar Amplifier Laser 20) which is very useful especially for young people who have a habit of playing music until midnight. By leveraging these channels to Head Phone, then secured another household or neighbors will not be disturbed our music sound. Sound good hasilnya.Apabila amplifier system we will use to train together in a full band with drums, etc., then you should choose a larger power amplifier that is 70 watts or above. Thus the sound produced from the amplifier and sound system will not be drowned by the sound of pounding and pounding beat Drum.Untuk use on stage, you will need a higher power that is at least 125 watts or more, because this amplifier will be able to once we use as a monitor of musical instruments were playing.

    2. Choose the facilities we need. Do not buy amplifiers which have facilities that we do not really need when it is increasing the price we pay. Unless the same price we can get better facilities, there is no harm in our selection.

    3. Choose a good quality amplifier. If we need an amplifier to your keyboard, then it is advisable to select an amplifier that does not change the color of the original sound generated by the keyboard musical instrument they will be (flat). There are many amplifiers that produce different sounds from the original sound, if this happens there will be other voices that would reduce the original character of the actual sound produced by the keyboard because of the addition or subtraction of a particular frequency. Usually this happens at a very low frequency (low bass) or very high frequency (high treble). (Try the sound system rental, sound rental service) For amplifiers Electric Guitar and Electric Bass this (flat characteristic) does not apply because it specifically for these two types of instruments are required specificity of character frequency. Basically for Electric Guitar amplifier output is not needed for low frequency and high. For Electric Bass needed a low frequency, but not required a high frequency. We can learn from the rental place and the sound system rental-quality musical instrument.

    4. Model and performance amplifier can be considered final. The desired model will depend on individual taste. A good model according to a person, not necessarily a good thing according to those who lainnya.Pada most professional musicians model will be the last option or not too overlooked. They will be more concerned with the quality and facilities of the amplifier. Maybe we can find also in the rental services professional sound and musical instrument rental place bagus.Demikian brief tips on choosing an amplifier, hopefully this can help to determine the right choice before you buy an amplifier and produce sound quality music is also of course .

    Tips for Choosing Quality Amplifier

    1. Pick of the power to suit your sound system. For personal use such as exercise is sufficient to choose an amplifier with 1-20watt power. In most electronic devices / small power amplifiers are already available facilities such as head phone jack (eg laser20 guitar amplifier) ​​is very useful especially for young people who have a habit of playing music until midnight. By leveraging the channel for these headphones, then secured another household or neighbors will not be disturbed "attraction" we. If the amplifier sound system we will use to train together in a group full band * with drum and band instrument, then you should choose a power amplifier 70watt or above. Thus the sound produced from the amplifier will not be drowned by the sound of pounding and pounding drum beats. For use on stage, you will require more resources than most, namely at least 125watt or more, because this amplifier will be at the same we use as a monitor of musical instruments were playing.

    2. Select the facilities we need. Do not buy a multimedia system / amplifier that has the facilities that we do not really need, if it is increasing the price we pay. Unless the same price we can get better facilities, there is no harm in our selection.

    3. Choose a good quality amplifier. If we need an amplifier to your keyboard, then it is advisable to select an amplifier that does not change the original color generated by the keyboard (flat). There are many Indonesian musical instrument amplifier that produces a different sound from the original sound, if this happens there will be other voices that would reduce the original character of the actual sound produced by the keyboard because of the addition or subtraction of a certain frequency speaker system. Usually this happens at a very low frequency. (Low bass) or very high frequency (high treble). To Lighting System, Electric Amplifier Electric Bass Guitar and this (flat characteristic) does not apply because it specifically for these two types of instruments required specificity of character frequency. Basically for Electric Guitar not dipelukan amplifier output for low frequencies and high. For Electric Bass needed a low frequency, but not required a high frequency.

    4. Models and appearance can be thought being given to the last amplifier. The desired model will depend on individual taste. A good model according to a person not necessarily a good thing by other people.
    In most professional musicians, models will be the last option or not too overlooked. They will be more concerned with the quality and features of the amplifiers for musical instruments. But if you are confused, you could just rent equipment or hire sound system rental equipment.
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    Thursday, October 16, 2014

    Build a 25W Class A Power Audio Amplifier Circuit Diagram

    This is the 25W Class-A power audio amplifier circuit. The output devices are MJL4281A (NPN) and MJL4302A (PNP), and have high bandwidth, fantastic SOA (safe operating area), high linearity and high gain. Driver transistors are MJE15034 (NPN) and MJE15035 (PNP). All devices are rated at 350V, using the power transistors having a 230W dissipation and the drivers are 50W.

    25W Class-A Power Audio Amplifier Circuit Diagram



    •  The supply voltage must be a maximum of ±25V. This supply is simply obtained from a 20-0-20V transformer, recommended current is 1A.
    •  All resistors ought to be 1/4W or 1/2W 1% metal film for lowest noise, with the exception of R9, R10 and R15 which ought to be 1/2W varieties, and R13, R14 have to be 5W wirewound.
    •  Using the suggested and advised 25V supplies, Q4 will typically not need a heatsink. The output drivers (Q5 and Q6) recommended to use a heatsink, even though it doesn’t have to be big.
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    Using TDA7056 3W BTL Mono Audio Power Amplifier

    For mono output amplifier application,  TDA7056  IC can be your option. Compact but powerful, this integrated circuit is contained in a 9 pin medium power package. This device is designed for battery fed portable equipments such as mono recorders, radios and television. To attract the market, TDA7056 has many features such as low power consumption. For more reliable operation, TDA7056 also has short circuit proof and ESD (Electro Static Discharge) protected on all pins.  Designing application with this IC should be easy since no external components is needed. To make sure you’ll love this chip, this device also has no switch on/off clicks. Overall, TDA7056 has good stability.

     TDA7056 3W BTL Mono Audio Power Amplifier Circuit Diagram


     tda7056 3w btl mono audio power amplifier
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    Monday, October 13, 2014

    2N3055 and LM317 power supply regulatable 0 28V 20 Amp


    Part list for 20 Ampere regulatable power supply:

    • 2 x 15 volt 20+- amps
    • D1…D4= Bridge rectifier MB2504 (25 amps cooled)

      or eight BYW29 8 amp diodes (TO220 pinning cooled)
      or 8 x MR750 (MR7510) diodes (MR750 = 6 Ampere diode) or 16 x 1N5401 (1N5408) diodes.

    • F1 = 2 Amp
    • F2 = 25 amp
    • R1 2k2 2,5 Watt
    • R2 240 ohm
    • R3,R4,R5,R6 0.1 ohm 10 watt
    • R7 6k8
    • R8 10k
    • R9 47 Ohm 1 watt
    • S2 mini switch
    • R10 8k2
    • C1,C7,C9 47nF
    • C2 four times 4700uF/50v or one 22000uF/50v
    • C3,C5 10uF/50v
    • C4,C6,C9 100nF
    • C8 330uF/50v
    • C10 1uF/16v
    • D5 1N4151
    • D6 1N5401
    • D10 MR750
    • D11 LED
    • D7, D8, D9 1N4001
    • IC1 LM317
    • Two 2N3055 transistors
    • P1 5k
    • P3 10k trimmer
    • relay = 30 volts AC, 2×10 amp switching

    S2 switches between +- 3 Amps and full output current

    The relay is used to switch off the power supply voltage when the mains (S1) are/is switched off. So no delay do to the discharge of C2, and so preventing output voltages from not return to zero immediately.

    A MB2504 is used as it is a 25 ampere rectifier bridge which also should be cooled. Or you could use eight BYW29 8 amp diodes (TO220 pinning) mounted on a heat sink.

    Mount a little heatsink on the LM317 IC

    Remember to isolate the 2N3055 transistors from the chassis/radiator! Use a radiator (heat sink) of appropriate size and surface area; insulating and heat-conducting spacer or at least a thin mica; hot adhesive and thermal paste.

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